When it comes to iconic gemstones, the Cullinan Diamond stands in a league of its own. Unearthed in 1905, this extraordinary diamond remains the largest gem-quality rough diamond ever discovered, weighing a staggering 3,106 carats. Its legacy spans continents and centuries, connecting the natural wonders of South Africa with the royal treasures of the British Crown Jewels. Today, the Cullinan Diamond is synonymous with history, opulence, and unmatched craftsmanship, making it a cornerstone of gemological lore.
The Discovery of the Cullinan Diamond
The Cullinan Diamond was found at the Premier Mine (now the Cullinan Mine) near Pretoria, South Africa. On January 26, 1905, Frederick Wells, the mine's surface manager, spotted a shiny object protruding from the mine wall. Upon closer inspection, he realized he had discovered a diamond of unimaginable proportions.
Named after Sir Thomas Cullinan, the owner of the Premier Mine, this diamond immediately captured global attention. Its size and exceptional clarity left the world in awe, with newspapers dubbing it "a wonder of the modern age."
A Gift Fit for a King
In 1907, the Cullinan Diamond was gifted to King Edward VII of the United Kingdom as a gesture of goodwill from the Transvaal Colony, which was then under British rule. This gift was intended to symbolize unity and reconciliation following the South African Wars.
The diamond was transported to London in a highly publicized (and heavily guarded) journey. However, in a clever ruse to deter potential thieves, the actual diamond was sent secretly via ordinary mail while an empty decoy box was heavily guarded on its way to England.
Cullinan Diamond Characteristics
Its extraordinary features—unparalleled size, clarity, and color—made the Cullinan Diamond a treasure unlike any other. These characteristics not only explain its fame but also highlight why its transformation into multiple gemstones required such exceptional craftsmanship.
- Original Carat Weight: 3,106 carats (rough stone)
- Clarity: Exceptionally high, with few inclusions. Its purity contributed significantly to its ability to be cut into such a remarkable collection of stones.
- Color: Near colorless, D-grade quality, representing the highest color grading for diamonds and adding to its unparalleled value.
The Cutting of the Cullinan Diamond
Turning the Cullinan Diamond from a rough stone into a set of dazzling gemstones in 1908 was no small task. The prestigious Asscher Brothers of Amsterdam, renowned for their expertise in diamond cutting, were entrusted with the responsibility.
The process began with a bold decision: splitting the diamond. The first cut itself, a high-stakes moment, required precision and expertise, as any error could have shattered the diamond. After careful preparation, a single strike of a steel blade split the Cullinan into two main pieces. Over the next eight months, these pieces were further cut and polished into 9 principal diamonds and 96 smaller stones.
The Largest Diamonds from the Cullinan Diamond
The 9 principal diamonds yielded from the Cullinan Diamond are among the most iconic gemstones in the world.
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Cullinan I ("The Great Star of Africa")
At 530.4 carats, this pear-shaped gemstone remains the largest clear-cut diamond in the world. It is mounted on the Sceptre with the Cross, part of the British Crown Jewels. -
Cullinan II ("The Second Star of Africa")
Weighing 317.4 carats, this cushion-cut diamond is set in the Imperial State Crown, famously worn during coronations and ceremonial occasions. -
Cullinan III and IV ("The Lesser Stars of Africa")
These two diamonds, weighing 94.4 carats and 63.6 carats respectively, are part of a brooch often worn by Queen Elizabeth II. -
Cullinan V to IX
These smaller diamonds range from 4.39 to 18.8 carats and are incorporated into brooches, necklaces, and other royal jewels.
Where Can You See the Cullinan Diamonds Today?
The most famous Cullinan Diamonds, Cullinan I and Cullinan II, are prominently displayed in the Tower of London as part of the British Crown Jewels, where they attract millions of visitors annually. Their presence in the Crown Jewels ensures their legacy as symbols of monarchy, wealth, and craftsmanship.
Other pieces, including Cullinan III and IV, are part of the personal collection of the British Royal Family and are occasionally seen during state events or royal exhibitions.
The fate of the 96 smaller stones is less well-documented, with many believed to reside in private collections or incorporated into personal royal jewelry.
Why the Cullinan Diamond Matters
The Cullinan Diamond is more than a gemstone - it is a symbol of historical significance, extraordinary craftsmanship, and the awe-inspiring beauty of natural treasures. It showcases the immense skill required to transform one of nature's greatest creations into jewels of unparalleled magnificence.
For gemologists, the Cullinan Diamond represents a benchmark of quality and size. For history enthusiasts, it serves as a reminder of the global reach of the diamond industry and its connection to royal traditions. And for the rest of us, it’s a dazzling example of why diamonds continue to capture the human imagination.
As one of the most celebrated gemstones in history, the Cullinan Diamond’s unmatched size and enduring legacy make it a true masterpiece.
